Van Creveld. Fate of the State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Van Creveld. Fate of the State - Essay Example This however, changed when in the rise of modernity; monarchs emerged and slowly took over power and authority from the local lords. The emergence of the monarchs therefore, laid a foundation for nation-states. In the 19th-Century, the modern nation-state, which is integrated, was established first in the European world. However, the 1648 peace of Westphalia is the most important aspect in the establishment of the nation-state, as it allowed for the sovereignty of the nation-state. The nation-state today is on the verge of decline, because of the forces of globalization and devolution, which have reduced its sovereignty. The nation-state was considered the dominant social entity in the world starting the mid-19th Century, as the state and society were virtually merged to become one entity. However, many changes happening in the world have led to changes in the dominance of the nation-state as the most influential social entity. The cultural revolution that began in the West had a gre at influence on the nature of the nation-state. Other important factors that affected the nation-state include the international communist movements, increased freedom of capital transfer across international borders, and political, social, and economic dysfunction in former colonies of Asia and Africa. By the beginning of the 1990’s, the role of the nation-state was reduced due to different global forces (Creveld, 1999). The future of the nation-state is uncertain today. There are different factors that have been responsible for the diminishing importance of the nation-state. These are globalization and transnationalism, and devolution. Globalization has led to the breaking down of national boundaries, as different countries can now interact economically, socially, and politically. Globalization has paved way for transnationalism, and it is anticipated that in future, there might be a transnational government. Transnationalism today occurs at the political level. Internation al organizations such as the World Trade Organization and the United Nations are responsible for transnationalism, as they provide economic security and military protection to a variety of vulnerable countries. On the other hand, the European Union has broken down all national boundaries in its member states, paving way for high levels of interaction (Creveld, 1999). Devolution has been adopted by various nations today. This grants power and authority to the local government and not the central government. This is why the process is called devolution, as power is taken away from the central government, and given back to the local government. When the central government, which is core of the state, loses power, the sovereignty of the state reduces. If these trends of globalization and devolution persist, there are possibilities that a transnational government will replace the nation-state. However, only time will tell what the future holds for the nation-state (Creveld, 1999). Accord ing to Creveld (1996), the capability of the state to fight others for self-defence is on the decline. This is a proof that the function of the nation-state is slowly fading. Initially, defence was among the main reasons for the formation of the nation-state. Failure to perform that today is a clear indication of its decline. The events of French Revolution in the 18th Century and industrial revolution sparked transnationalism, which is responsible today for the decline of the nation-st

Effects of British Colonial Rule in India Essay Example for Free

Effects of British Colonial Rule in India Essay The colonization of India and the immense transfer of wealth that moved from the latter to Britain were vital to the success of the British Empire. In fact, the Viceroy of British India in 1894 called India â€Å"the pivot of our Empire †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I examine the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the subcontinent. Besides highlighting the fact that without cheap labor and raw materials from India, the modernization of Britain during this era would have been highly unlikely, I will show how colonial policy led to the privation and death of millions of natives. I conclude that while India undoubtedly benefited from British colonial rule, the negatives for the subject population far outweighed the positives. . Colonialism, by definition, is exploitative and oppressive, with the rulers enriching themselves at the expense of those they rule. Generally speaking, colonizers dominate a territory’s resources, labor force, and markets; oftentimes, they impose structures cultural, religious and/or linguistic to maintain control over the indigenous population. The effects of the expansion of European empires, which began in the 15th century, on the colonized can still be felt today. Some historians, for example, argue that colonialism is one of the leading causes in income inequality among countries in present times. They cite patterns of European settlement as determinative forces in the type of institutions developed in colonized countries, considering them major factors in economic backwardness. Economist Luis Angeles has argued that the higher the percentage of Europeans settling in a colony at its peak, the greater the inequality in that country so long as the settlers remained a minority, suggesting that the colonizers drained those lands of essential resources while reaping most, if not all, of the profits. In terms of per capita GDP in 1995, the 20 poorest countries were all former colonies, which would seem to bolster Angeles’ contention. There are, however, competing views on how much underdevelopment in today’s poorest countries is a byproduct of colonial rule and how much of it is influenced by factors such as a country’s lack of natural resources or area characteristics. For poet, activist and politician Aime Cesaire, the verdict was in: Colonizers were â€Å"the decisive actors †¦ the adventurer and the pirate, the wholesale grocer and the ship owner, the gold digger and the merchant, appetite and force, and behind them, the baleful projected shadow of a form of civilization which, at a certain point in its history, finds itself obliged, for internal reasons, to extend to a world scale the competition of its antagonistic economies. This is not to suggest that Western European nations were the first and only countries to pursue imperialistic policies or that nothing good came out of colonial policies for the subject population. Dinesh D’Souza, while arguing that colonialism has left many positive as well as negative legacies, has stressed that there is nothing uniquely Western about colonialism, writing: â€Å"Those who identify colonialism and empire only with the West either have no sense of history or have forgotten about the Egyptian empire, the Persian empire, the Macedonian empire, the Islamic empire, the Mongol empire, the Chinese empire, and the Aztec and Inca empires in the Americas. † For this paper’s purposes, however, I will focus on the British Empire, its colonizing efforts in India (1757-1947), and the effects British policy had on that subject population. A couple of caveats before examining the British-Indian relationship: experiences differed from colony to colony during this period of European imperialism; India was unique in the colonial experience because of its size and history. It also should be noted that India was rather unique among colonized lands during this era for at least two reasons. First, South Asia was â€Å"already a major player in world commerce and possessed a well-developed trading and financial world† by the time Europeans arrived. Indigenous administrative structures already existed for taxation purposes, while commerce within the country and throughout the continent offered prospects of giant profits. Second, British India, which included today’s India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, was a region so large that there were areas in which Britain exercised direct control over the subject population and others where it exerted indirect control. It is exceedingly difficult, therefore, to extrapolate from one experience to another. Although it is impossible to determine how India would have developed had England never established a dominating presence there, I find the results of British colonialism to have been a mixed bag for India: the negatives, however, far outweighed the positives. Liberal and democratic aspects of British colonialism in India played a significant role in leading to a democratic South Asia following Indian independence in 1947. Yet, the British first through the East India Company and then through direct government control held almost all of the political and economic power in India during the Empire’s expansion and apogee, guaranteeing the Indian economy could not evolve and/or function independent of the ruling power’s control; ensuring raw materials extracted from Indian soil would go towards British manufacturing industries mostly without profiting the vast majority of Indians; and leading to lives of privation for millions of indigenous subjects. Although there have been arguments made that, in political and economic terms, south Asia was backwards until the arrival of Europeans, recent research has debunked that myth, showing the region to have possessed healthy trading and financial structures prior to the Europeans’ arrival. British Colonial Strategy in the Subcontinent Imperial powers followed two basic strategies when colonizing. They either allowed a large number of Europeans to settle overseas (known as Settler Colonies) or sent a much smaller number – usually less than 1 percent of the population to serve as administrators and tax collectors (known as Peasant Colonies). Britain followed the latter strategy in regards to India. The percentage of English people in India in 1913, for example, was only 0. 1 percent of the country’s population; by comparison, they accounted for over one-fifth (21. 4 percent) of the population in South Africa and Losetho during the same period. As previously mentioned, Britain exerted both direct and indirect control over the Indian subcontinent. Areas of indirect control are called â€Å"native states. These were controlled by Indian rulers who wielded considerable power over the internal administration of the land, while the British exercised complete control over the area’s defense and foreign policies. When looking at this two-pronged approach Britain took in establishing an Indian colony, the economist Lakshmi Iyer has argued that there is a differential long-term effect on areas the Empire controlled directly compared to areas in which it basically outsourced control. Rather than expropriating Indian land, which was negligible, the English taxed Indian land, producing considerable revenues and inducing the indigenous population to shift from traditional to commercial products (e. g. tea). Areas that were directly under British control today have significantly lower levels of public goods relative to areas that were not under direct colonial rule. In 1961, for example, districts (administrative divisions below state level) that had been under direct control of the British Empire had lower levels of primary and middle schools, as well as medical dispensaries. Present-day differences between directly and indirectly controlled areas, Iyer argues, are most likely the result of differences in internal administration during the colonial period because once the British left in 1947, all the native states were integrated into independent India and have since been subject to a uniform administrative, legal and political structure. The Company and the Crown By the middle of the 18th century, there were five major European colonial powers the Dutch Republic, France, Great Britain, Portugal, and Spain. From about 1850 on, however, Britain’s overseas empire would be unrivaled; by 1901, the empire would encompass 11. 2 million square miles and rule about 400 million people. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, India was Britain’s largest and economically most important colony, an â€Å"empire within an empire. † It should be noted that although this period coincided with the birth of the Industrial Revolution historians and economists have cast doubt on whether industrialization was the sine qua non for British imperialism. They have noted that England’s first major advance into the Indian subcontinent began in Bengal in the middle of the 18th century, long before large-scale mechanization turned Britain into the â€Å"workshop of the world. † Historian P. J. Marshall, in studying early British imperialism, has written: â€Å"As a blanket term the Industrial Revolution explains relatively little about British expansion in general at the end of the eighteenth century. † While Marshall and others may be correct in asserting the British would have pursued empire even without the Industrial Revolution, its advent impacted colonial policy in that it required expanded markets and a steady supply of raw materials to feed the country’s manufacturing industries. Cotton, for example, was one of the driving forces behind the evolution of Britain’s modern economy. British traders purchased raw cotton fibers from plantations, processed it into cotton cloth in Lancashire mills, and then exported them to the colonial markets including India. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, India had been the world’s main producer of cotton textiles, with a substantial export trade. By the early nineteenth century, however, Britain had taken over dominating the world market for cotton textiles based on technology that lowered production costs . â€Å"This dramatic change in international competitive advantage during the Industrial Revolution was surely one of the key episodes in the Great Divergence of living standards between Europe and Asia. † Britain’s 200-year run ruling India began in the mid-17th century when the British East India Company set up trading posts in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. In 1757, Robert Clive led Company-financed troops – led by British officers and staffed by native soldiers known as sepoys in a victory over French-backed Indian forces. The victory at the Battle of Plassey made the East India Company the leading power in the country. It would dominate India for just over 100 years, the area it controlled growing over that time to encompass modern Bangladesh, a majority of southern India and most of the territory along the Ganges River in the north of the country. The East India Company’s control of Bengal alone yielded taxes of nearly  £3 million; by 1818, its territorial revenues in India stood at  £22 million, allowing it to finance one of the world’s largest standing armies. This established British rule well before the Industrial Revolution could have played any major role in Britain expanding its overseas empire, strengthening historians’ – Marshall, et al. – arguments regarding the significance, or lack thereof, of the role mechanization in England had in the country’s expansionist efforts. The fact remains, however, that Britain in the 19th century would become the world’s leading industrial power and India a major source of raw materials for its industry. What’s more, the subcontinent’s population of 300 million would constitute a huge source of revenue and a gigantic market for British-made goods. Although, the English expanded gradually in India during those first 100 years of colonization, once the British government gained control of the country’s administration following the Indian War of Independence in 1857, India was virtually incorporated into the British Empire and became its â€Å"crown jewel. † During the life of the Britain Empire, India was its most profitable colony. Examples of huge returns on British investments in India based on surviving business records are plentiful. To give two examples: Binny and Co. , which was founded in 1799 with 50,000 rupees in capital, returned profits of 140,000 rupees only 12 years later; and William Mackinnon’s Indian General Steam and Navigation Co. , which began trading in 1847 and whose assets five years later were valued at more than nine times the original capital of 72,000 rupees. The 1852 prospectus of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China stated that â€Å"bearing in mind the very high rate of interest which prevails in the East and the very lucrative nature of the Exchange Business †¦ a very large Annual Dividend may be looked for with certainty. British investment in India increased enormously over the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. According to economist James Foreman-Peck, by the end of 1911, 373 stock companies were estimated to be carrying on business exclusively or almost exclusively in India, yet were registered elsewhere, with the average size of those companies (railways accounted for nearly half of the capital, and tea plantations about one-fifth) dwarfing the far more numerous – 2,463 Indian-registered companies. The discrepancies between the two are stark. The companies registered outside India had paid-up capital of â‚ ¤77.979 million and debentures of â‚ ¤45.353 million compared to â‚ ¤46.251 million and â‚ ¤6 million, respectively, for Indian-registered companies. According to Foreman-Peck, â€Å"The magnitude of foreign investment and the rate of return on it, broadly defined, have been seen as a means by which empire imposed burdens on colonies and boosted the imperial nation’s economy. † This was not an idea that could only be gleaned in hindsight. Writing at the end of the 19th century, historian Brooks Adams wrote the following: Probably since the world began no investment has yielded the profit reaped from the Indian plunder. The amount of treasure wrung from the conquered people and transferred from India to English banks between Plassey and Waterloo (fifty-seven years) has been variously estimated at from $2,500,000,000 to $5,000,000,000. The methods of plunder and embezzlement by which every Briton in India enriched himself during the earlier history of the East India Company gradually passed away, but the drain did not pass away. The difference between the earlier day and the present is that Indias tribute to England is obtained by indirect methods under forms of law. It was estimated by Mr.  Hyndman some years ago that at least $175,000,000 is drained away every year from India without a cents return. Plunder and Famine At the time Britain established its colony on the subcontinent, the Indian economy was based predominantly on agriculture. Iyer has shown that since the Indian economy was so dependent on farming, British annexation policy focused on acquiring land with the most agricultural potential, guaranteeing that land taxation would be the East India Company’s/British government’s biggest source of income throughout the colonial period. In 1765-66, the East India Company had collected â€Å"the equivalent of  £1,470,000; and by 1790-1791, this figure had risen to  £2,680,000. † To ensure the land-revenue system, known as â€Å"tax farming,† would continue to supply money to the East India Company’s treasury, the Company introduced the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793, an agreement between it and absentee landlords, known as zaminders. Through this policy, peasants who worked the land became the tenants of the zaminders, who, for themselves and the tax collectors, extracted as much as possible from those who cultivated the land. This settlement created a class of Indian landowners loyal to the English and a division in the rural society between the tenants and landlords, which last well into the 20th century. Indian climate is characterized by the monsoon, which generally includes nine months of dry weather followed by three months of rains known as the monsoon. At least once in a decade, the monsoon fails to arrive and a drought occurs. Indians for centuries had set aside a portion of crops to ensure there would be adequate food in times of drought. This practice was so successful that between the 11th and 18th centuries, India experienced only 14 major famines; yet, from 1765-1858, when it was under East India Company control, India suffered through 16 major famines, followed by an average of one famine every two years under British Colonial Office rule from 1859-1914. Under British rule during the 18th century, over 25 million Indians died of famine between: 1 million between 1800 and 1825, 4 million between 1825 and 1850, 5 million between 1850 and 1875, and 15 million between 1875 and 1900 ; more than 30 million deaths occurred from famine between 1870 and1910. Why did tens of millions die from starvation under the East India Company and the British Raj? Why, comparatively speaking, did so many famines occur under Britain’s watch? Historian Laxman D. Satya argues the famines were price-induced and that timely government intervention could have prevented millions of deaths from starvation. State intervention was minimal, however; Lord Curzon acknowledged once that a famine in Indian excited no more attention in Britain than a squall on the Serpentine. Like other European imperialists in the late 18th century, Britain – first through the East India Company – followed a laissez-faire doctrine whereby government interference in the economy was anathema; in addition, famine later was seen as a natural way to control overpopulation. According to Satya, â€Å"†¦ any act that would influence the prices of grains such as charity was to be either strictly monitored or discouraged. Even in the face of acute distress, relief had to be punitive and conditional. † The powers that be also began using famine labor to build an infrastructure – railways, roads – ensuring that revenues would continue to increase, expenditures would be kept low; worst of all, the new infrastructure allowed for the exportation of grain that could have fed the starving. Studies have shown that even in years of official famine – Britain only recognized three periods of famine there was never a shortage of food grains. The problem was that with prices for grains so high and wages stagnant, most people could not afford to buy them. As an example, during the Indian Famine of 1887-88, nearly 44 percent of total exports from Berar, one of the hardest hit provinces, were food grains. Between 1874 and 1903 the province exported an average over 40 tons of grain, and Satya has shown that this could have amounted for nearly 30. pounds of food per person. Historian and social commentator Mike Davis has cited even evidence that grains were exported to Europe for speculative trading while millions were dying of starvation. Since the primary concern for the government was maximizing returns on investments, it didn’t prioritize famine relief, considering those expenditures wasteful; therefore, relief camps were â€Å"deliberately kept in remote locations and beyond the reach of the physically weakened population. What’s more, people seeking relief were required to work on colonial projects as a condition for receiving food – as little as 16-22 ounces of food for a minimum of nine-10 hours of often grueling labor Fearing that Indian nationalists would take to the newspapers – in general, the government had a comparatively lax policy toward the press the Raj implemented tight press control through various laws including the Newspaper Act of 1908 and the Indian Press Act of 1910. It’s important to note that despite these and other attempts at press censorship, a large number of vernacular newspapers were published throughout the country and played an integral role in creating a nationalist/political consciousness in India.

African Caribbean Pentecostal Churches Theology Religion Essay

African Caribbean Pentecostal Churches Theology Religion Essay In this essay, I will establish why African-Caribbean Pentecostal Churches in the United Kingdom are experiencing phenomenal growth in contrast to the decline in the growth of traditional Churches, such as the Church of England and Roman Catholics. I will also enumerate on some Biblical principles that was used in relation to Church growth and other influence of past revivals which the African-Caribbean Pentecostal Churches exploited to arrive at this creditable accomplishment. Similarly, I will indicate some probable cause of the decline in growth of the traditional Churches and ideas borrowed from the Afro-Caribbean Churches that could create a positive change to the growth of the traditional Churches in the United Kingdom. AFRO-CARIBBEAN IDENTITY AND WORSHIP MODE. The Afro-Caribbean Pentecostal Churches are generally the offshoot of African Independent Churches, which are African expression of worldwide Pentecostalism by virtue of their characteristics and origins. According to Harvey Cox, despite the common theological origins, the unique innovative methods of worship differ from those Pentecostals that are influenced by Western Pentecostalism. With time scholars began to recognize their distinct Pentecostal character such as: unique prayer methods, preaching of the word, speaking in tongues, and the praise and worship methods including accentuated music and dancing during services  [1]  . According to Parsons, all Afro-Caribbean or Black-Led Pentecostal Churches do uphold evangelical and fundamentalist understanding of the Bible, of which the texts are considered inerrant and applied strictly to the individual and Church life. This requires a stringent ethical lifestyle that encompasses areas such as being stern against perceived social vices such as: smoking, specific dress code and other distinction between Saintly Holiness and Sinful Worldliness. The required lifestyle is being effectively achieved with week days of Church programs that occupy members leisure time. While the leadership of an Afro-Caribbean Church is potentially hierarchical and authoritarian the system allows for multiple leadership opportunities such as: Sunday school leader, Youth work, Choirs, elders, Women ministry deacons etc. On the contrary, the leadership opportunities given to qualified Afro-Caribbean members in Orthodox Churches are very much limited. This could influence the movement of Black members to Black led Pentecostal Churches.  [2]   The typical Afro-Caribbean Pentecostal Church structure agrees with the analysis of Mclntosh (a professor of pastoral ministry), who reiterated that for a Church to experience Biblical growth they must adhere to some principles indicated below: A commitment to the absolute authority of the Bible, holding on to salvation with a strong desire to abide by Gods great commission (missio dei ) with the monitored evidence of bearing fruit of new converts. Involvement with glorification of God through praise and worship modes, alongside creation of ministries and programs. Development of an effective method of welcoming and nurturing new converts to a maturity level which incorporates baptism and teaching. Recognize Divine empowerment and guidance through the Holy Spirit, which is acquired through prayers. Maintain effective leaders and cultural relevance to the community which they operate, with a structure that is void of barriers to the outside world and a focus on Church planting.  [3]   The foregoing principles are manifested by the Afro-Caribbean Churches which their leaders religiously apply, with a resultant phenomenal growth of members. The zeal exhibited in Church planting explains the wide spread success of Afro-Caribbean Churches all over the United Kingdom, which matches the geographical extension Church growth principle that was demonstrated by in the apostles in the Book of Acts 9:31 where Judea, Galilee and Samaria were reached from Jerusalem.  [4]   Nevertheless, there are viewpoints in opposition to emphasis on acclaimed numerical growths that are comparable with the Afro-Caribbean Churches. An example is that of Newbigin who is a proponent of the spread of the gospel with full consideration of the positive and negative aspects of Culture. He opined that there is no Biblical basis to dwell on successes from numbers related to Church Growth and goal setting. He said that it is a matter determined by the Holy Spirit. In lay terms it would seem that a Church with a lot of people may not really have a sizeable number of people who are genuinely born again, if the ethical dimensions of the gospel were neglected. In the same vein he objected to the reluctance of Orthodox Churches to change from their traditional worship and evangelical methods which remains obsolete to the demands of modern times. Another critique to Church Growth principles is Elmer Towns, who warned of the great danger in allowing the ascribed success of social science methodology to overshadow the associated theological Church Growth principles, with attendant risk of ignoring human and godly aspects. In response to their criticism, McGavran objected to their remnant theology argument which favours a small community of genuinely born again Christian to a largely populated Church of yet-to-be perfected Christians. He reiterated that it is a defeatist position which can only be held by a failing Pastor  [5]  . IMPACT OF HISTORICAL EVENTS ON AFRO-CARIBBEAN CHURCH GROWTH In consideration of the past decades, Parsons opined that a great influence on the Afro-Caribbean Church Growth is the rejection that antagonised the Afro-Caribbean immigrants and their children in the 1950s and 1960s. Which continued in 1970s and 1980s. The rejection from predominantly White Churches was also experienced by Afro-Caribbean Anglicans, Methodists, and Catholics in the 1960s. The coldness and hardening of race relations in Britain led to the Afro-Caribbeans search for of sense of identity, they therefore needed to restore the status which they were deprived. Additionally, this Afro-Caribbean Christians who were members of historic (Orthodox) Churches from their own country, prefer the spontaneous worship mode mostly used by the Pentecostals and Holiness Churches, in contrast to the comparatively low keyed worship at the Orthodox Churches. Another factor that accounted for steady growth of Afro-Caribbean Churches is their engagement in socio-political matters in Britain, which led to creation of organizations that tackled education and social issues. Examples of such organization are the Council of African and Afro-Caribbean Churches as well as the West Indian Evangelical Alliance. The Afro-Caribbean Churches from mid 1970s also joined and complemented the efforts of the ecumenical mainstream of British Christian community and Religious life in general. The advancement of the Growth of Afro-Caribbean Churches can also be traced to their media evangelism drive. This was achieved through religious broadcasting accorded to them through the Songs of Praise presented by Southwark Cathedral in 1987. It featured Black congregations and gospel choirs. Additionally in 1990, TV Channel 4 featured documentaries that cover Black led Churches.  [6]   EMULATING CHURCH GROWTH THEOLOGY The North American Society for Church Growth defined Church Growth as the discipline that researches the nature, expansion, planting, multiplication, function and health of Church as related to the Great Commission.  [7]  The Afro-Caribbean Churches are fully aligned with the three fundamental principles of Church Growth derived by Donald McGavran (1897-1990) the renowned father of Church Growth movement as itemised below: a) Numerical Growth as evidenced by countable converts to the Church is in fact the raison de etre of missions, which must remain an utmost priority, void of distraction from other Church programs. The Bible book of Acts confirms the Church Growth principle of numerical increment of the Church in Acts 2:47 by daily addition of converts by the Lord. The Afro-Caribbean Pentecostal Churches in a typical interactive Sunday service will formally welcome new comers into the Church and also initiate a follow up and visitation process. b) The concept of identifying and profiling an ideal target: implies and all out study of sociological and anthropological approaches that can be strategically directed to particular set of people with the aim of maximising their Chances of conversion to Christianity.  [8]   As earlier mentioned, the Afro-Caribbean Churches imbibe an evangelical culture of reaching out to communities in their immediate environments as well as those very far off with the strategies that bear Church planting in mind. In reaching out to certain cultures with predominantly different migrant groups at various settlements, they essentially use linguistic approaches whereby interpretation of the English language to the local language of certain category of a targeted audience in a community. c) People movement concept describes how the gospel gain access and thrive in denominations consisting of ethnic and social units. People movement is the end result of the determination of individuals from the same group, to become Christians without social dislocation, while maintaining interaction with unbelieving relatives. These unbelieving relatives and other sections of the group, eventually take a similar decision to become Christians after much interaction; hence they form Churches that have majority of the members wholly made up of the people of the same ethnic and social circle. Furthermore, exemplar lifestyle and welfare of the Church, known as Institutionalized philanthropy will then influence the attraction to the Church of the remnant of the people in the same aforementioned category. An example of the People movement concept which reflected growth principle from the Bible is the Lyddic Movements which described the conversion of the Lydda and Sharon communities. (Acts 9:35)  [9]  . MEMBERSHIP GROWTH DUE TO IMMIGRATION ASISTANCE. It has been identified that growth in membership of some Afro-Caribbean Churches at the United Kingdom are also greatly influenced by the various social and legal services associated with their corporate identity. New members are welcomed to utilize the vast knowledge and services of the Church in the areas of their immigration challenges.  [10]   THE INFLUENCE OF PAST REVIVALS PRINCIPLES ON THE AFRO-CARIBBEAN CHURCH GROWTH. The great historical Revivals such as the Welsh and Azusa Street Revivals that led to origin of Pentecostalism involved a common pre-condition of prayers and qualitative feeding on Gods word. The tradition of continuous prayers and ardent focus on Gods word were continually upheld as constant pattern of services of the Afro-Caribbean Churches. This consistency according to McGavran led to: Holy Living, operating with empowerment of the Holy Spirit and having a genuine drive for evangelism. The dynamics of Revivals within a Church actually lead to positive impact on Church Growth as the members of the Church channel their spiritual energy into evangelism.  [11]   Conclusion. When the Afro-Caribbean success in Church growth is considered in the light of McGavran principles and the critiques of some aspect of the Church Growth movement such as Newbigin and Elmer Towns, I concur with the McGavran arguments that having an increasing number of attendance in the Church is more beneficial to the Church members notwithstanding their status as mere Church goers or truly born again Christians. However, despite the likely presence of mixed multitude in the congregation of Afro-Caribbean Churches, I believe that as long as they are in an environment where the word of God is continually preached, the Holy Spirit will perfect their salvation with time. Consequently, the remnant theology and the excuse that highly populated Churches might possess very few perfected Christians, is not an excuse to be slack in the area of adopting and planning a modern day strategy geared towards soul-winning. BIBLOGRAPHY Bennett, C. Problems and Possibilities of Church Growth. Journal of Unifications Studies Vol. 8. Falola,T Agwuele,T.Africans and the Politics of Popular Culture. Suffolk: Boydell Brewer Limited; 2009. Koschorke, K Schjorring J.H. African Identities and World Christianity in the Twentieth Century. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrasowitz, Verla; 2005 Holy Bible NKJV. Nashville: Thomas Nelson; 1982. McGavran, D. A. Understanding Church Growth. Grand Rapids: Wm.B Eerdmans Publishing Co. 1990. Mclntosh, G.L. Biblical Church Growth: How You Can Work with God to Build a Faithful Church. Grand Rapids: Baker Books; 2003. Parsons, G. The Growth of Religious Diversity- Vol 1 Oxford: Alden Press; 2012 Payne,J.D. Kingdom Expressions: Trends influencing the Advancement of the gospels. Nashville: Thomas Nelson; 2012.

President Bill Clinton :: William Jefferson Clinton Essays

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Tradition theory and Expressive Theory

Fruitful dialogue on writing and learning was hampered not only by divisions between progressive educators and the traditional disciplines but also by a split within progressive education itself.Two stereotypes of progressive education grew up in the 1920s and 1930s and captured, in a sense, the profound tension within the movement's approach to writing, a tension that prevented Deweyan progressives from developing a coherent and persuasive substitute to the writing pedagogies of social efficiency and liberal culture.First, there was the progressive as Bohemian, the self-absorbed individualist teaching children to inscribe avant-garde poetry under a tree while they neglected their spelling. subsequently, there was the progressive as parlor-pink radical, teaching children to write dissident tracts while they neglected their spelling. To those who had read their Dewey, both were gross caricatures of his philosophy and methods.Yet these stereotypes of progressive writing instruction poi nt to the deep division in progressive thought between those who emphasized writing (and education) as a vehicle for individual self-revelation and development and those who emphasized its uses for social reconstruction and improvement.Clearly the two are not contrary, as Dewey's educational philosophy adequately demonstrated, but in the highly charged political atmosphere of the interbellum era, details of Deweyan doctrine were often lost and, in the process, so was the prospective for a rational progressive approach to writing in the disciplines.Maxine Hairston argued for a paradigm shift in the teaching of writing in her â€Å"The Winds of Change: Thomas Kuhn and the Revolution in the Teaching of Writing.† She argued that the new paradigm must focus on the writing process, a process that involves the involvement of readers in students' writing during that process. She also argued that students benefit â€Å"far more from small group meetings with each other than from the exhausting oneto-one conferences that the teachers hold† (17).Clearly, the process manner of teaching writing involves reader involvement by students in the writing of their classmates. But how thriving has that intervention been in the writing that students produce? Since this part of the paradigm is as significant to teaching writing as a process, we require having some idea as to how well it has worked.Another important influence on the promising writing process movement was the Dartmouth conference of 1966, a meeting of more or less 50 English teachers from the United States and Great Britain to consider common writing problems. What emerged from the symposium was the awareness that considerable differences existed between the two countries on how instruction in English was viewed.In the United States, English was considered of as an academic discipline with specific content to be mastered, whereas the British focused on the personal and linguistic growth of the child (App leby, 1974, p. 229). Instead of focusing on content, â€Å"process or activity†¦defined the English curriculum for the British teacher† (Appleby, 1974, p. 230)) its purpose being to encourage the personal development of the student.As Berlin (1990) noted, â€Å"The result of the Dartmouth Conference was to reassert for U. S. teachers the value of the expressive model of writing. Writing is to be pursued in a free and encouraging environment in which the student is encouraged to employ in an act of self discovery† (p. 210). This emphasis on the personal and private nature of composing was also marked in the recommendations of Ken Macrorie, Donald Murray, Walter Gibson, and Peter Elbow.One perspective that gained distinction during the early days of the process movement was that the writing process consisted a series of sequenced, discreet stages sometimes called â€Å"planning, drafting, and revising, † though today they are often referred to as â€Å"prewr iting, writing, and rewriting. † An article by Gordon Rohman (1965))

Binary Relation and Woman

The movement for the emancipation of woman has gained ground all the over. In some western countries woman have more rights than in India. But still every where even In the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabilities and are regarded a social inferiors of man. It is a man-made society and man continues to dominate and exploit woman.There should be a better and fuller understanding of the problems peculiar to woman, to make a olution of those problems possible. As these problems centre round the basic problem of Inequality, steps should be taken to promote equality of treatment and the full Integration of woman In the total development efforts of the country. Woman should get equal pay for the same work, and she be treated as an equal partner in the task of strengthening world peace. Suitable steps should be taken to secure these ends.These are near unanimity on the urgency and signifi rise of democracy, the movement for the emancipation of oman has gained ground all the over. In some western countries woman have more rights than In India. But still every where even In the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabllltles and are regarded a social inferiors of man. It is a man-made society and man continues to dominate and exploit woman. There should be a better and fuller understanding of the problems peculiar to woman, to make a solution of those problems possible.As these problems centre round the basic problem of inequality, steps should be aken to promote equality of treatment and the full Integration of woman in the total the urgency and signifl India. But still every where even in the most advanced countries of the world, they taken to promote equality of treatment and the full integration of woman in the total rights than in India. But still every where even in the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabilities and are regarded a social inferiors of the urg ency and signifi